Long‐term Holocene groundwater fluctuations in a chalk catchment: evidence from Rock‐Eval pyrolysis of riparian peats          下载免费PDF全文

Andrew J. Newell  Christopher H. Vane  James P.R. Sorensen  Vicky Moss‐Hayes  Daren C. Gooddy 《水文研究》2016,30(24):4556-4567

The depositional history of peat‐dominated wetlands can be used to understand palaeoclimate and palaeohydrology and also constrain the impacts of future climate change. However, in chalkland valleys, seasonal water table fluctuations and a high alkalinity have diminished key environment indicators such as pollen, and there is a need for alternative investigative techniques. The method of Rock‐Eval pyrolysis can track changes in organic matter source and degradation, potentially relating to historic changes in vegetation cover. This is the first Rock‐Eval on cores from a groundwater‐dependent riparian chalk valley wetland combined with radiocarbon dating. The dating showed that the cores represented approximately 4000 years of depositional history. Changes in hydrocarbon chemistry including normal alkane composition of the peat indicated shifts of around 500 to 1000 years between terrestrial and more aquatic species, relating to periods of climate wetness. These climatic shifts are broadly consistent with other evidence from ombrotrophic peatland and lacustrine sediments across northwest Europe. However, the connection between climate wetness and groundwater dependent chalkland wetlands is complicated by external anthropogenically driven factors relating to land use and vegetation cover changes in the catchment. Nonetheless, this study suggests that Rock‐Eval pyrolysis is a useful and cost‐effective tool that can provide evidence for long‐term Holocene groundwater fluctuations. Copyright © 2016 British Geological Survey.  相似文献   

Probabilistic analyses of soil consolidation by prefabricated vertical drains for single‐drain and multi‐drain systems          下载免费PDF全文

Mohammad Wasiul Bari  Mohamed A. Shahin  Abdul‐Hamid Soubra 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2016,40(17):2398-2420

Natural soils are one of the most inherently variables in the ground. Although the significance of inherent soil variability in relation to reliable predictions of consolidation rates of soil deposits has long been realized, there have been few studies that addressed the issue of soil variability for the problem of ground improvement by prefabricated vertical drains. Despite showing valuable insights into the impact of soil spatial variability on soil consolidation by prefabricated vertical drains, available stochastic works on this subject are based on a single‐drain (or unit cell) analyses. However, how the idealized unit cell solution can be a supplement to the complex multi‐drain systems for spatially variable soils has never been addressed in the literature. In this study, a rigorous stochastic finite elements modeling approach that allows the true nature of soil spatial variability to be considered in a reliable and quantifiable manner, both for the single‐drain and multi‐drain systems, is presented. The feasibility of performing an analysis based on the unit cell concept as compared with the multi‐drain analysis is assessed in a probabilistic context. It is shown that with proper input statistics representative of a particular domain of interest, both the single‐drain and multi‐drain analyses yield almost identical results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Explanatory analysis of the relationship between atmospheric circulation and occurrence of flood‐generating events in a coastal city          下载免费PDF全文

Helena L. A. Åström  Maria Sunyer  Henrik Madsen  Dan Rosbjerg  K. Arnbjerg‐Nielsen 《水文研究》2016,30(16):2773-2788

The aim of this study is to enhance the understanding of the occurrence of flood‐generating events in urban areas by analysing the relationship between large‐scale atmospheric circulation and extreme precipitation events, extreme sea water level events and their simultaneous occurrence, respectively. To describe the atmospheric circulation, we used the Lamb circulation type (LCT) classification and re‐grouped it into Lamb circulation classes (LCC). The daily LCCs/LCTs were connected with rare precipitation and water‐level events in Aarhus, a Danish coastal city. Westerly and cyclonic LCCs (W, C, SW and NW) showed a significantly high occurrence of extreme precipitation. Similarly, for extreme water‐level events westerly LCCs (W and SW) showed a significantly high occurrence. Significantly low occurrence of extreme precipitation and water‐level events was obtained in easterly LCCs (NE, E and SE). For concurrent events, significantly high occurrence was obtained in LCC W. We assessed the change in LCC occurrence frequency in the future based on two regional climate models (RCMs). The projections indicate that the westerly directions in LCCs are expected to increase in the future. Consequently, simultaneous occurrence of extreme water level and precipitation events is expected to increase in the future as a result of change in LCC frequencies. The RCM projections for LCC frequencies are uncertain because the representation of current LCCs is poor; a large number of days cannot be classified and the frequencies of the days that can be classified differ from the observed time series. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Spatial and temporal variability of surface water repellency in sandy loam soils of NW Spain under Pinus pinaster and Eucalyptus globulus plantations     

M. Rodríguez‐Alleres  E. Benito 《水文研究》2011,25(23):3649-3658

This work was undertaken for two main purposes. One was to examine spatial and temporal variability in surface water repellency under field conditions in sandy loam forest soils of NW Spain, and its relationship to weather and soil moisture conditions. The other purpose was to get further inside in the dynamics of soil water repellency by studying a wetting–drying cycle under controlled laboratory conditions. Both for the field and laboratory study, water repellency was determined using the Water Drop Penetration Time test. Soil water repellency under field conditions was found to exhibit a seasonal pattern, i.e. it peaked during the summer and was absent between November and May. The time required for repellency to become re‐established during the spring was shorter under eucalyptus than under pine. Spatial variability peaked at an early stage of soil drying and was minimal during the wet period when soils were hydrophilic as well as at the end of the summer, when repellency was strongest. Spatial and temporal variability in water repellency was found to be negatively correlated with soil moisture and, to a lesser extent, with antecedent rainfall. The moisture range of the so‐called transition zone (below which the soil is hydrophobic and also above which it is hydrophobic) differed for the pine (21–50%) and eucalyptus plantations (17–36%). The lower and upper bounds of the transition zone agreed well with the soil moisture contents at the permanent wilting point and at field capacity, respectively. The laboratory results with samples in the wetting phase confirmed those of the field tests. Water repellency increased slightly during the drying phase, but not so much as in the field. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Influence of environmental disturbances and reproductive strategy on genetic diversity and differentiation of Zostera marina populations on the southern coast of Korea     

Young Kyun Kim  Seung Hyeon Kim  Joo Mi Yi  Sang Rul Park  Kun‐Seop Lee 《Marine Ecology》2019,40(1)

The genetic diversity and differentiation of four Zostera marina populations along the southern coast of Korea were estimated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to determine the effects of natural and anthropogenic stresses and reproductive strategy on within‐population genetic diversity. The mean number of alleles and gene diversities, indicating population genetic diversity, was highest in the Z. marina population that was exposed to repeated environmental disturbances, and lowest in the most undisturbed population. The higher genetic diversity in the disturbed population was associated with a higher contribution of sexual reproduction to population persistence. This suggests that both the level of disturbances and the reproductive strategy for population persistence contributed significantly to population genetic diversity at the study sites. According to the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), 76% genetic variation was attributable to differences among individuals within populations. The observed genetic differentiation (F_ST = 0.241) among Z. marina populations at the study sites appeared to result from reduced meadow size, increased genetic drift, and a high incidence of asexual reproduction. Increased population genetic diversity can enhance resistance and resilience to environmental disturbances; thus, this investigation of seagrass population genetics provides valuable new insights for the conservation, management, and restoration of seagrass habitats.  相似文献   

Food and feeding habits of Octopus insularis in the Veracruz Reef System National Park and confirmation of its presence in the southwest Gulf of Mexico     

Rigoberto Rosas‐Luis  María de Lourdes Jimnez Badillo  Lucia Montoliu‐Elena  Piedad S. Morillo‐Velarde 《Marine Ecology》2019,40(1)

Octopuses are active predators that feed on a wide range of prey including crustaceans, fishes, and mollusks. They are important components of coral reef systems and support local and artisanal fisheries in the Gulf of México. Octopus insularis has been found to be one of the most relevant components in catches from the coral reef system of Veracruz in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, and its role in the ecosystem requires assessment. To corroborate the morphological identification of O. insularis, six octopuses were identified by genetic methods. And to understand the trophic relationships between this octopus species and its prey, 394 octopuses caught during 2016 and 2017 by an artisanal fleet were sampled and their stomach contents analyzed. Results showed that crustaceans are the most frequently consumed group, with the genera Mithraculus and Etisus being the most important in the diet. Fishes, bivalves, and gastropods were identified as uncommon prey items in the diet. Their presence in the stomachs could be related to the movement of this octopus outside of the coral reef. Considering that our samples were of medium‐ and large‐sized individuals, cannibalism could be discarded for O. insularis in this size range in the Veracruz reef system. These findings suggest a generalist and opportunistic predation of O. insularis on the most abundant and available prey in the study area, namely the crustaceans. These represents an effective transfer of biomass from the low trophic levels to top predators in the coral reef system.  相似文献   

Numerical modeling of the elastoplastic damage behavior of dry and saturated concrete targets subjected to rigid projectile penetration          下载免费PDF全文

Hanbing Bian  Yun Jia  Christophe Pontiroli  Jian‐Fu Shao 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2018,42(2):312-338

The objective of the present paper is to present a numerical study on the penetration performance of concrete targets with 2 different water contents. Numerical analysis has been performed by using the finite element code Abaqus/Explicit, in which a coupled elastoplastic damage model has been developed for saturated/unsaturated concrete under a wide range of confining pressures. The performance of proposed model has been firstly verified by simulating the triaxial compression tests and penetration tests realized with saturated/dry concretes. Comparisons of available experimental results and numerical simulations show that the proposed model is able to reproduce satisfactorily the mechanical behavior of saturated and dry concretes. A higher failure stress and a more important pores closing are generally obtained in dry concrete samples with respect to saturated ones. Furthermore, the main observed patterns of penetration test realized with saturated concrete targets are also satisfactorily simulated by the numerical results. Therefore, the proposed model is used to numerically predict the penetration performance of dry concrete target, and the penetration performance of dry/saturated concrete target is discussed. We observe that in dry concrete target, the penetration of projectile is strongly declined, and a smaller damage zone is created. The numerical predictions and discussions can help engineers to enhance their understandings on the influence of hydraulic conditions on structural vulnerability of concrete structures subjected to near‐field detonations or impacts.  相似文献   

Multivariate statistical analysis and environmental isotopes of Amman/Wadi Sir (B2/A7) groundwater,Yarmouk River Basin,Jordan     

Mutewekil Mamdouh Obeidat  Muheeb Awawdeh  Fahmi Abu Al‐Rub 《水文研究》2013,27(17):2449-2461

Multivariate statistical techniques, cluster and factor analyses were applied on the Amman/Wadi Sir groundwater chemistry, Yarmouk River basin, north Jordan. The main objective was to investigate the main processes affecting the groundwater chemical quality and its evolution. The k‐means cluster analysis yields three groups with distinct ionic concentrations. Cluster 1 comprises the vast majority of the sampled wells, and the water that belongs to this cluster can be classified as freshwater. Cluster 2 comprises only 2% of the sampled wells; it has the highest ionic concentration. The water of this cluster can be classified as brackish water. Cluster 3 involves 23% of the sampled wells, and it has total ionic concentration intermediate to that of clusters 1 and 2. Factor analysis yields a three‐factor model, which explains 76.77% of the groundwater quality variation. Factor 1 ‘salinity factor’ involves EC, Na⁺, Cl^‐, SO₄^‐2, K⁺ and Mg⁺² and reflects groundwater salinization because of overpumping. Factor 2 ‘hardness factor’ includes Ca⁺², HCO₃^‐ and the pH value and signifies soil–water/rock interaction. Factor 3 ‘nitrate factor’ involves only NO₃^‐ and points to groundwater contamination because of human activities, mainly untreated wastewater, and crops and animal cultivation in the unconfined portion of the aquifer. Factors 1 and 3 can be described as human‐induced factors, whereas factor 2 can be described as geogenic factor. Factors' scores were mapped to deduce the controlling processes on the groundwater chemistry. Stable isotope composition of ¹⁸O and ²H has revealed that the groundwater is a mixture of two water types. The radioactive isotopes tritium and ¹⁴ C were used to evaluate present day recharge to the aquifer and to estimate the groundwater age, respectively. Present day recharge to the groundwater is taking place in the unconfined portion of the aquifer as it is indicated by the measurable tritium content and low groundwater age. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Applications of the cyclic spectral analysis to the surface temperature fluctuations in a stochastic climate model and a GCM simulation     

Jian‐Ping Huang  Han‐Ru Cho  >Gerald R. North 《大气与海洋》2013,51(4):627-646

Abstract

In this paper, we introduce the cyclostationary processes into climate analysis and undertake a systematic study of the cyclic spectra of surface temperature fluctuations. The technique is adapted from cyclostationarity theory in signal processing. To demonstrate the usefulness of this technique, a very simple cyclostationary stochastic climate model is constructed. Our results show that the seasonal cycle strongly modulates the amplitudes of the covariance and the spectrum. The technique was also applied to the surface temperature fluctuations in a fifteen‐year seasonal run of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model (CCM2, R15) using a zonally symmetric all‐land surface as the lower boundary. The results indicate that intraseasonal oscillations localized according to time of year are still present even after the surface temperature fields have been normalized using the commonly used procedure. Both examples suggest that the “annual cycle” cannot be “removed” by simply using a normalization procedure. The climate is not as completely represented when modelled as stationary processes.  相似文献   

The CM carbonaceous chondrite regolith Diepenveen     

Marco Langbroek  Peter Jenniskens  Leo M. Kriegsman  Henk Nieuwenhuis  Niek De Kort  Jacob Kuiper  Wim Van Westrenen  Michael E. Zolensky  Karen Ziegler  Qing‐Zhu Yin  Matthew E. Sanborn  Josh Wimpenny  Akane Yamakawa  Sebastiaan J. De Vet  Matthias M. M. Meier  Kees C. Welten  Kunihiko Nishiizumi  Marc W. Caffee  Aaron S. Burton  Jason P. Dworkin  Daniel P. Glavin  Qinghao Wu  Richard N. Zare  Alexander Ruf  Mourad Harir  Philippe Schmitt‐Kopplin   《Meteoritics & planetary science》2019,54(7):1431-1461

A carbonaceous chondrite was recovered immediately after the fall near the village of Diepenveen in the Netherlands on October 27, 1873, but came to light only in 2012. Analysis of sodium and poly‐aromatic hydrocarbon content suggests little contamination from handling. Diepenveen is a regolith breccia with an overall petrology consistent with a CM classification. Unlike most other CM chondrites, the bulk oxygen isotopes are extremely ¹⁶O rich, apparently dominated by the signature of anhydrous minerals, distributed on a steep slope pointing to the domain of intrinsic CM water. A small subset plots closer to the normal CM regime, on a parallel line 2 ‰ lower in δ¹⁷O. Different lithologies in Diepenveen experienced varying levels of aqueous alteration processing, being less aqueously altered at places rather than more heated. The presence of an agglutinate grain and the properties of methanol‐soluble organic compounds point to active impact processing of some of the clasts. Diepenveen belongs to a CM clan with ~5 Ma CRE age, longer than most other CM chondrites, and has a relatively young K‐Ar resetting age of ~1.5 Ga. As a CM chondrite, Diepenveen may be representative of samples soon to be returned from the surface of asteroid (162173) Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft.  相似文献